In the following, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to gain some insight into the cathode reactions.
DFT calculations can provide information about the stability of surface intermediates in the reactions, which cannot be easily obtained by other means.
We start by considering the simplest possible reaction mechanism over a Pt(111) surface.
We introduce a method for calculating the free energy of all intermediates as a function of the electrode potential directly from density functional theory calculations of adsorption energies for the surface intermediates.
On this basis, we establish an overview of the thermodynamics of the cathode reaction as a function of voltage, and we show that the overpotential of the reaction can be linked directly to the proton and electron transfer to adsorbed oxygen or hydroxide being strongly bonded to the surface at the electrode potential where the overall cathode reaction is at equilibrium.
We introduce a database of density functional theory calculations of energies of the surface intermediates for a number of metals and show that, on this basis, we can establish trends in the thermodynamic limitations for all the metals in question.
The model predicts a volcano-shaped relationship between the rate of the cathode reaction and the oxygen adsorption energy.
The model explains why Pt is the best elemental cathode material and why alloying can be used to improve its performance.
液体構造の研究結果として水のX線回折が紹介されている。J. MorganとB. E. WarrenがJournal of Chemical Physics, 6, 666 (1938)に発表したものである。それによると第一隣接距離は、1.5℃で2.88Å、83℃では3.00Åより少し大きいところまで変化する。
1631年にフランスの医者 Jean Rey は患者の熱病の進行を調べるためガラス球とガラス管の一部に水を入れたものを用いた。・・・。2個の定点を用いて目盛をつけることは、1688年 Dalenceによって行われた。かれは雪の融点を-10°、バターの融点を+10°と選んだのである。1694年、Renaldiは上の方の定点として水の沸点を下の定点として氷の融点をとった。これらの定点を正確に規定するためには、圧力は1気圧に保たれ氷と平衡にある水は空気で飽和しているという条件をつけ加えねばならない。これら2点へ0°と100°という数値を与えることを初めて提案したのは1710年スウエーデン人の Elviusであった。この2つの温度は百分度の目盛を定義するもので、同じような系を用いたスウエーデンの天文学者の名をとって公式には Cellcius(摂氏)温度目盛りと呼ばれる。
核スピン I をもつ核を磁場におけば空間量子化が起こる。すなわち磁場のまわりを磁気モーメントベクトルが歳差運動をして、磁場の方向の成分は次の値しかとることはできない。µ = mngnβn ここでmn = I, I-1, I-2, …-I である。磁場におくと、異なったmnの値の状態が少しづつ異なったエネルギーをもつことになる。
・・・・・・・・・・。
この振動数は磁場の方向のまわりの磁気モーメントの古典的 Larmor の歳差運動のものと同じである。磁場においた種々の核スピン成分のエネルギー準位間の遷移を検出しようとした初期の試みは不成功に終わったが、1946年 E. M. Purcell と Felix Bloch は独立に核磁気共鳴(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)の方法を発展させた。
Biological network analysis with deep learning, G. Muzio et al., Briefings in Bioinformatics, 22(2),1515–1530 (2021)
この論文を読んでみよう。
Abstract Recent advancements in experimental high-throughput technologies have expanded the availability and quantity of molecular data in biology. Given the importance of interactions in biological processes, such as the interactions between proteins or the bonds within a chemical compound,this data is often represented in the form of a biological network. The rise of this data has created a need for new computational tools to analyze networks. One major trend in the field is to use deep learning for this goal and, more specifically, to use methods that work with networks, the so-called graph neural networks (GNNs). In this article, we describe biological networks and review the principles and underlying algorithms of GNNs.Wethen discuss domains in bioinformatics in which graph neural networks are frequently being applied at the moment,such as protein function prediction, protein–protein interaction prediction and in silico drug discovery and development. Finally, we highlight application areas such as gene regulatory networks and disease diagnosis where deep learning is emerging as a new tool to answer classic questions like gene interaction prediction and automatic disease prediction from data.
Practical guides for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): Interpreting the carbon 1s spectrum, T. R. Gengenbach et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 39, 013204 (2021)
C ore-level XPS spectra of fullerene, highly oriented pyrolitic graphite, and glassy carbon J.A. Leiroa et al., Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 128 (2003) 205–213
Size dependence of core and valence binding energies in Pd nanoparticles: Interplay of quantum confinement and coordination reduction, I. Aruna et al., JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 104, 064308 2008
An extended ‘quantum confinement’ theory: surface-coordination imperfection modifies the entire band structure of a nanosolid, Chang Q Sun et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 34 (2001) 3470–3479
Physics-constrained deep learning for data assimilation of subsurface transport Haiyi Wu and Rui Qiao, Energy and AI 3 (2021) 100044
a b s t r a c tData assimilation of subsurface transport is important in many energy and environmental applications, but its solution is typically challenging. In this work, we build physics-constrained deep learning models to predict the full-scale hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic head, and concentration fields in porous media from sparse measure- ment of these observables. The model is developed based on convolutional neural networks with the encoding- decoding process. The model is trained by minimizing a loss function that incorporates residuals of governing equations of subsurface transport instead of using labeled data. Once trained, the model predicts the unknown conductivity, hydraulic head, and concentration fields with an average relative error < 10% when the data of these observables is available at 12.2% of the grid points in the porous media. The model has a robust predictive performance for porous media with different conductivities and transport under different Péclet number (0.5 < Pe < 500). We also quantify the predictive uncertainty of the model and evaluate the reliability of its prediction by incorporating a variational parameter into the model.
ペクレ数(ペクレすう、英: Péclet number、Pe)は、連続体の輸送現象に関する無次元数。この名はフランスの物理学者Jean Claude Eugène Pécletにちなむ。流れによる物理量の移流速度の、適切な勾配により駆動される同じ量の拡散速度に対する比率と定義される。物質移動の文脈では、ペクレ数はレイノルズ数とシュミット数の積である。熱流体の文脈では、熱ペクレ数はレイノルズ数とプラントル数の積に相当する。by ウイキペディア
1. Introduction Heterogeneous porous media are ubiquitous in natural and engineering systems. Determining their transport properties and the transport of fluids and solutes in them are important in many energy applications. For example, inPEM fuel cells, the flow in the gas diffusion layers and mass transfer in the proton-conducting membrane play a key role in controlling their performance and thus must be predicted accurately in cell design [ 1 , 2 ]. In oil recovery, the distribution of permeability in highly heterogeneous oil reservoirs governs oil recovery and predicting oil transport in them is essential for designing oil recovery strategies [ 3 , 4 ]. This is especially true when CO 2 injection is used to enhance oil recovery [ 4 , 5 ]. Classical methods for solving transport in porous media require full knowledge of transport properties of porous media (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) as well as the initial and boundary conditions [6] . It is, however, challenging to obtain highly resolved transport properties of porous media, especially in the presence of high spatial heterogeneity [ 7 , 8 ]. Without such highly resolved data, predicting the transport in porous media is challenging.
Enhanced oil recovery (abbreviated EOR), also called tertiary recovery, is the extraction of crude oil from an oil field that cannot be extracted otherwise. EOR can extract 30% to 60% or more of a reservoir's oil,[1] compared to 20% to 40% using primary and secondary recovery.[2][3] According to the US Department of Energy, carbon dioxide and water are injected along with one of three EOR techniques: thermal injection, gas injection, and chemical injection.[1] More advanced, speculative EOR techniques are sometimes called quaternary recovery.
Data assimilation can be an effective method for predicting full-scale data (e.g., transport properties of porous media and transport behavior in them) from sparse measurements.
Data assimilation is a process that seeks to combine physical theory and observed data to estimate the state of a system or to interpolate sparse observation data using physical theories.
Data assimilation has been used to reconstruct the observed history of atmosphere data [9] and to resolve difficulties of parameter estimation and system identification in hydrologic modeling [10].
However, traditional data assimilationmethods for solving the transport in porous media can be computationally expensive because of the high heterogeneity in many porous media and the highly nonlinear equations governing the transport behavior.
Deep learning-based methods can potentially tackle the above challenges. They have shown promise in solving forward and inverse transport problems in complex systems [11-15]. For instance, deep convolutional encoder-decoder networks have been used to predict the distribution of thermal conductivity in composites using sparse temperature measurements [15]. Surrogate models based on physics-constrained deep learning has been used for uncertainty quantification of flow in stochastic media [ 16 , 17 ]. Recently, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) were developed to solve partial differential equations with sparse measurement data as input [ 18 , 19 ]. PINNs-derived models have been used for data assimilation in subsurface transport and the accuracy of these models working with different input measurements has been carefully studied [20] . These pioneering studies point to exciting opportunities of using deep learning in data assimilation.
In this work, we build physics-constrained deep learning models to solve a data assimilation problem in porous media. Specifically, we focus on subsurface fluid and solute transport in the presence of heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity. Deep learning models are developed to predict full-scale hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic head, and solute concentration from sparse measurements of these observables. While we focus on data assimilation of subsurface transport in the presence of heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity, which is similar to the subject in Ref. [20], the machine learning models we used are very different. The DNN model in Ref. [20] is mainly based on physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), which were developed to solve partial differential equations with sparse measurement data as input [ 18 , 19 ]. It is useful to note that PINNs-based models are built with several fully connected neural layers that involve a large set of learning parameters, and some models do not yet provide information on the uncertainty and reliability of their predictions. In this work, instead of using fully connected neural layers, we adopt convolutional neural networks, which often result in a smaller number of learning parameters easier for training than the fully connected neural networks. We also explore the possibility of gauging the uncertainty and reliability of the model prediction by introducing a variational parameter into the deep learning model. The developed models are trained using sparse measurement data by minimizing the residuals of governing transport equations and the loss due to mismatch between predicted and measured data at measurement points. The performance of the models is investigated under different conductivity fields, nature of solute transport, and the noise level of input measurement.
2. Problem definition
これをフォローするのは、まだ、難しい。
Without losing generality, we consider the subsurface transport in a two-dimensional (2D) square-shaped porous domain Ω∈[ 0 , 1 ] ×[ 0 , 1 ] at steady state. Fluid flow is described by the Darcy model:
We use deterministic and probabilistic deep learning models to solve the data assimilation problem defined above. All the reference data in this work are numerical data. The deterministic model is based on physics-constrained convolutional encoder-decoder networks (PC-CED). There are three main parts in a PC-CED model: an encoder network, a latent space, and a decoder network. The encoder network takes the sparse measurement data ℎ 𝑖𝑛 , 𝑘 𝑖𝑛 , 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 as input and is trained to compress and extract important features and correlations from the input data. The extracted features have a much lower dimension than the input features and are stored in the latent space. The decoder network then projects the low-dimensional features in the latent space to high-dimensional space to predict the full-scale data k ( x,y ) , h ( x,y ) , C ( x,y ).
9月2日(木)
Fundamentals, materials, and machine learning of polymer electrolyte membrane cell technology、の表12に掲載されている機械学習関連のツールや種々のデータベースを紹介しているウェブサイトについて調べてみる。
Table 12 : Publicly accessible professional machine-learning tools for chemistry and material, and structure and property databases for molecules and solids. The table is developed following format of that in Ref.[224] by adding additional information.
Machine learning tools for chemistry and material:Amp, ANI, COMBO, DeepChem, GAP, MatMiner, NOMAD, PROPhet, TensorMol,
Computed structure and property databases:AFLOWLIB, Computational Materials Repository, GDB, Harvard Clean Energy Project, NOMAD, Open Quantum Materials Database, NREL Materials Database, TEDesignLab, ZINC
Experimental structure and property databases:ChEMBL, ChemSpider, Citrination, Crystallography Open Database, CSD, ICSD, MatNavi, MatWeb, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Materials Data Repository, PubChem
DeepChem aims to provide a high quality open-source toolchain that democratizes the use of deep-learning in drug discovery, materials science, quantum chemistry, and biology.
DeepChem currently supports Python 3.7 through 3.8 and requires these packages on any condition. joblib, NumPy, pandas, scikit-learn, SciPy, TensorFlow, deepchem>=2.4.0 depends on TensorFlow v2, deepchem<2.4.0 depends on TensorFlow v1, Tensorflow Addons for Tensorflow v2 if you want to use advanced optimizers such as AdamW and Sparse Adam. (Optional)
The DeepChem project maintains an extensive collection of tutorials. All tutorials are designed to be run on Google colab (or locally if you prefer). Tutorials are arranged in a suggested learning sequence which will take you from beginner to proficient at molecular machine learning and computational biology more broadly.
After working through the tutorials, you can also go through other examples. To apply deepchem to a new problem, try starting from one of the existing examples or tutorials and modifying it step by step to work with your new use-case. If you have questions or comments you can raise them on our gitter.
MatMiner:Table 12には、Python library for assisting machine learning in materials scienceと書かれている。MatMinerのホームページには、matminer is a Python library for data mining the properties of materials.と書かれていて、machine learningという言葉が含まれていない。下の方に次のように書かれている。
Matminer does not contain machine learning routines itself, but works with the pandas data format in order to make various downstream machine learning libraries and tools available to materials science applications.
One of the most exciting applications of machine learning in the recent time is it's application to material science domain. DeepChem helps in development and application of machine learning to solid-state systems. As a starting point of applying machine learning to material science domain, DeepChem provides material science datasets as part of the MoleculeNet suite of datasets, data featurizers and implementation of popular machine learning algorithms specific to material science domain. This tutorial serves as an introduction of using DeepChem for machine learning related tasks in material science domain.
(MoleculeNet is a large scale benchmark for molecular machine learning. MoleculeNet curates multiple public datasets, establishes metrics for evaluation, and offers high quality open-source implementations of multiple previously proposed molecular featurization and learning algorithms (released as part of the DeepChem open source library). MoleculeNet benchmarks demonstrate that learnable representations are powerful tools for molecular machine learning and broadly offer the best performance.)
Traditionally, experimental research were used to find and characterize new materials. But traditional methods have high limitations by constraints of required resources and equipments. Material science is one of the booming areas where machine learning is making new in-roads. The discovery of new material properties holds key to lot of problems like climate change, development of new semi-conducting materials etc. DeepChem acts as a toolbox for using machine learning in material science.
Crystal Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for an Accurate and Interpretable Prediction of Material Properties, Tian Xie and Je rey C. Grossman, arXiv:1710.10324v3 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] 6 Apr 2018
Abstract :
The use of machine learning methods for accelerating the design of crystalline materials usually requires manually constructed feature vectors or complex transformation of atom coordinates to input the crystal structure, which either constrains the model to certain crystal types or makes it difficult to provide chemical insights. Here, we develop a crystal graph convolutional neural networks (CGCNN) framework to directly learn material properties from the connection of atoms in the crystal, providing a universal and interpretable representation of crystalline materials. Our method provides a highly accurate prediction of DFT calculated properties for 8 different properties of crystals with various structure types and compositions after trained with 10,000 data points. Further, our framework is interpretable because one can extract the contributions from local chemical environments to global properties. Using an example of perovskites, we show how this information can be utilized to discover empirical rules for materials design.
Machine learning (ML) methods are becoming increasingly popular in accelerating the design of new materials by predicting material properties with accuracy close to ab-initio calculations, but with computational speeds orders of magnitude faster[1-3]. The arbitrary size of crystal systems poses a challenge as they need to be represented as a fixed length vector in order to be compatible with most ML algorithms. This problem is usually resolved by manually constructing fixed-length feature vectors using simple material properties[1, 3-6] or designing symmetry-invariant transformations of atom coordinates[7-9]. However, the former requires case-by-case design for predicting different properties and the latter makes it hard to interpret the models as a result of the complex transformations.
In this letter, we present a generalized crystal graph convolutional neural networks (CGCNN) framework for representing periodic crystal systems that provides both material property prediction with DFT accuracy and atomic level chemical insights.
We summarize the performance in Table I and the corresponding 2D histograms in Figure S4. As we can see, the MAE of our model are close to or higher than DFT accuracy relative to experiments for most properties when 10,000 training data is used.
In summary :
The crystal graph convolutional neural networks (CGCNN) presents a flexible machine learning framework for material property prediction and design knowledge extraction. The framework provides a reliable estimation of DFT calculations using around 10,000 training data for 8 properties of inorganic crystals with diverse structure types and compositions. As an example of knowledge extraction, we apply this approach to the design of new perovskite materials and show that information extracted from the model is consistent with common chemical insights and significantly reduces the search space for high throughput screening.
III. DISSEMINATION: PROVIDING OPEN, MULTI-CHANNEL ACCESS TO MATERIALS INFORMATION
IV. ANALYSIS: OPEN-SOURCE LIBRARY
V. DESIGN: A VIRTUAL LABORATORY FOR NEW MATERIALS DISCOVERY
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
It is our belief that deployment of large-scale accurate information to the materials development community will significantly accelerate and enable the discovery of improved materials for our future clean energy systems, green building components, cutting-edge electronics, and improved societal health and welfare. (deep learningがものすごい勢いで発展し始めたのが2012年であり、この解説が書かれた2013年の時点では、このmaterials genome approachがdeep learningによってさらに加速されるだろうということまでは予測されていなかったようである。2018年になって、materials genome approachによって蓄積されたDFT計算結果等は、CGCNNの学習のために活用され、次のレベルに進むことが可能になったということである。)
The SineCoulombMatrix featurizer a crystal by calculating sine coulomb matrix for the crystals. It can be called using dc.featurizers.SineCoulombMatrix function. [1] The CGCNNFeaturizer calculates structure graph features of crystals. It can be called using dc.featurizers.CGCNNFeaturizer function. [2] The LCNNFeaturizer calculates the 2-D Surface graph features in 6 different permutations. It can be used using the utility dc.feat.LCNNFeaturizer. [3]
Crystal Structure Representations for Machine Learning Models of Formation Energies, F. Faber et al., arXiv:1503.07406v1 [physics.chem-ph] 25 Mar 2015
We introduce and evaluate a set of feature vector representations of crystal structures for machine learning (ML) models of formation energies of solids. ML models of atomization energies of organic molecules have been successful using a Coulomb matrix representation of the molecule. We consider three ways to generalize such representations to periodic systems: (i) a matrix where each element is related to the Ewald sum of the electrostatic interaction between two different atoms in the unit cell repeated over the lattice; (ii) an extended Coulomb-like matrix that takes into account a number of neighboring unit cells; and (iii) an ansatz that mimics the periodicity and the basic features of the elements in the Ewald sum matrix by using a sine function of the crystal coordinates of the atoms. The representations are compared for a Laplacian kernel with Manhattan norm, trained to reproduce formation energies using a data set of 3938 crystal structures obtained from the Materials Project. For training sets consisting of 3000 crystals, the generalization error in predicting formation energies of new structures corresponds to (i) 0.49, (ii) 0.64, and (iii) 0.37 eV/atom for the respective representations.
Lattice Convolutional Neural Network Modeling of Adsorbate Coverage Effects Jonathan Lym et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 31, 18951–18959
Abstract:
Coverage effects, known also as lateral interactions, are often important in surface processes, but their study via exhaustive density functional theory (DFT) is impractical because of the large configurational degrees of freedom. The cluster expansion (CE) is the most popular surrogate model accounting for coverage effects but suffers from slow convergence, its linear form, and its tendency to be biased toward the selection of smaller clusters. We develop a novel lattice convolutional neural network (LCNN) that improves upon some of CE’s limitations and exhibits better performance (test RMSE of 4.4 meV/site) compared to state-of-the-art methods, such as the CE assisted by a genetic algorithm and the convolution operation of the crystal graph convolutional neural network (CGCNN) (test RMSE of 5.5 and 6.8 meV/site, respectively) by 20–30%. Furthermore, LCNN can outperform other methods with less training data, implying accuracy with less DFT calculations. We analyze the van der Waals interaction via visualization of the hidden representation of the adsorbate lattice system in terms of individual site formation energies.
Lattice Convolutional Neural Network for Modelling Adsorbate Coverage Effects Jonathan Lym, Geun Ho Gu, Yousung Jung and Dionisios G. Vlachos
Introduction Density Functional Theory (DFT) has revolutionized the field of catalysis by giving researchers the ability to predict system properties at the quantum level at reasonable accuracy and computational cost. However, DFT still has its limitations and performs poorly for some systems, such as studying coverage effects due to the large size of systems and the vast configurational degrees of freedom. To overcome these limitations, surrogate models are trained using DFT calculations to reduce the computational cost further without significantly sacrificing accuracy. The most popular model to study coverage effects is the cluster expansion (CE), which is a linear lattice-based model that models long and short-range interactions. While it has been used widely in the literature, the CE suffers from slow convergence due to adsorbates moving from ideal lattice positions, lateral interactions having nonlinear forms, and the CE’s heuristics’ tendency to prefer small clusters with short-range interactions that may not be sufficient to fully capture the local environment.
In this work, we develop a novel lattice graph convolutional neural network (LGCNN) and compare it to the cluster expansion trained using three different cluster selection techniques (heuristics, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and the genetic algorithm (GA)) and the crystal graph convolutional neural network (CGCNN) implemented by Xie and Grossman for a multi-adsorbate system (O and NO on Pt(111)).
Materials and Methods
The configurations and DFT data used to train, validate, and test the machine learning models of the system were provided by Bajpai et al. The configurations were reoptimized with the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) using the PBE+D3 functional to observe the effect of van der Waals forces on formation energies. The heuristic and LASSO regression models were implemented with in-house Python code using the Scikit-learn library. The Alloy-Theoretic Automated Tookit (ATAT) was used as the GA model. The CGCNN and the LGCNN models were created using Tensorflow. To evaluate each model, 10% of the data was withheld for testing. The remaining 90% was used to optimize hyperparameters and train the models using 10-fold cross validation.
Results and Discussion
Figure 1 shows the training and test error of each method as a function of the fraction of data used for training. When all the training data is used, the LGCNN has a test root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.14 meV/site and outperforms the other methods. The LGCNN has a lower test RMSE than the other methods when using only 40% of the training data. This superior performance is attributed tothe nonlinear convolution operatorlearning the local environment around each site effectively.
Binary Approach to Ternary Cluster Expansions: NO–O–Vacancy System on Pt(111) A. Bajpai, K. Frey and W. F. Schneider, J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 13, 7344 (2017)
Abstract Cluster expansions (CEs) provide an exact framework for representing the configurational energy of interacting adsorbates at a surface. Coupled with Monte Carlo methods, they can be used to predict both equilibrium and dynamic processes at surfaces. In this work, we propose a three-binary-to-single-ternary (TBST) fitting procedure, in which a ternary CE is approximated as a linear combination of the three binary CEs (O–vac, NO–vac, and NO–O) obtained by fitting to the three binary legs. We first construct a full ternary CE by fitting to a database of density functional theory (DFT) computed energies of configurations across a full range of adsorbate configurations and then construct a second ternary using the TBST approach. We compare two approaches for the NO–O–vacancy system on the (111) surface of Pt, a system of relevance to the catalytic oxidation of NO. We find that the TBST model matches the ternary CE to within 0.018 eV/site across a wide range of configurations. Further, surface coverages and NO oxidation rates extracted from Monte Carlo simulations show that the two models are qualitatively consistent over the range of conditions of practical interest.
Adsorbate chemical environment-based machine learning framework for heterogeneous catalysis, P. G. Ghanekar et al., 10.33774/chemrxiv-2021-8fcxm
Heterogeneous catalytic reactions are influenced by a subtle interplay of atomic-scale factors, ranging from the catalysts’ local morphology to the presence of high adsorbate coverages. Describing such phenomena via computational models requires generation and analysis of a large space of surface atomic configurations. To address this challenge, we present the Adsorbate Chemical Environment-based Graph Convolution Neural Network (ACE-GCN), a screening workflow that can account for atomistic configurations comprising diverse adsorbates, binding locations, coordination environments, and substrate morphologies. Using this workflow, we develop catalystsurface models for two illustrative systems: (i) NO adsorbed on a Pt3Sn(111) alloysurface, of interest for nitrate electroreduction processes, where high adsorbate coverages combine with the low symmetry of the alloy substrate to produce a large configurational space, and (ii) OH* adsorbed on a stepped Pt(221) facet, of relevance to the Oxygen Reduction Reaction, wherein the presence of irregular crystal surfaces, high adsorbate coverages, and directionally-dependent adsorbate-adsorbate interactions result in the configurational complexity. In both cases, the ACE-GCN model, having trained on a fraction (~10%) of the total DFT-relaxed configurations, successfully ranks the relative stabilities of unrelaxed atomic configurations sampled from a large configurational space. This approach is expected to accelerate development of rigorous descriptions of catalyst surfaces under in-situ conditions.
1. Greeley, J. et al. Alloys of platinum and early transition metals as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. Nature Chemistry 1, 552–556 (2009).
2. Bligaard, T. et al. The Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relation and the volcano curve in heterogeneous catalysis. Journal of Catalysis 224, 206–217 (2004).
3. Nørskov, J. K. et al. Origin of the Overpotential for Oxygen Reduction at a Fuel-Cell Cathode. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108, 17886–17892 (2004).
4. Lansford, J. L., Mironenko, A. V. & Vlachos, D. G. Scaling relationships and theory for vibrational frequencies of adsorbates on transition metal surfaces. Nature Communications 8, 016105 (2017).
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First, adsorbate configurations are generated by enumerating adsorbate binding locations on the catalystsurface using the SurfGraph algorithm.
This algorithm utilizes graph-based representations to identify and create unique surface adsorbate configurations, systematically accelerating the task of generating complex catalytic model motifs.
23. Deshpande, S., Maxson, T. & Greeley, J. Graph theory approach to determine configurations of multidentate and high coverage adsorbates for heterogeneous catalysis. npj Computational Materials 6, 79 (2020).
24. Boes, J. R., Mamun, O., Winther, K. & Bligaard, T. Graph Theory Approach to High-Throughput Surface Adsorption Structure Generation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 123, 2281–2285 (2019).